Background and Aim: The Stroop Color-Word test is a common and quick tool for assessing selective attention. This study was run to evaluate application of Stroop cognitive test in assessment of selective attention.Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was implemented during 6 months from June to November, 2010 on 84 healthy adults (42 males and 42 females). All participants performed computerized Stroop test after signing consent. The cases were examined before the test to confirmtheir health status and were trained for the test.Results: The obtained data indicate that there is a significant correlation coefficient between age, gender and education variables (p<0.05).Conclusion: The above-mentioned test can be used to assess selective attention.

Sluggish Cognitive Tempo is used to describe a particular type of attention deficit, concentration, and slowness in information processing. The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale (SCTS) of the parent form among Iranian children. The present study is a descriptive study. A sample of 1700 people was selected from the provinces of Tehran, East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan, Kurdistan, Fars and Khorasan using cluster sampling method. 122 subjects were excluded from statistical analysis due to incomplete answers to the questionnaires and thus the final sample was reduced to 1578 parents. The confirmatory factor analysis method and internal consistency were used to compute the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale factorial validity and reliability, respectively. Also, in order to examine the construct validity of the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale, we computed correlations between different dimensions of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale with Attention Deficit Subscale of Mental Health Assessment Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents. The results of statistical results showed that this scale has structural validity, criterion and convergence in Iranian society. The results indicate that the scale is three factors and also the validity of the scale using Cronbach's alpha method and retest test after Approved two weeks. According to the findings of the present study, the parent form of the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale (SCTS) has a good validity and reliability and it can be used in research related to slow cognitive multiplication in Iranian society.

The study of the colloquial idioms, which are used to establish and maintain social relations with others, is a way to realize how people think. The following descriptive-analytical study aims at investigating the concepts and explaining the cognitive motivations in the Persian colloquial idioms which include the word "bread". The data required for the study were extracted from Najafi's Persian Folklore Idioms (2008/1387) and analyzed within the approaches discussed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) and Kövecses (2002) to determine the cognitive motivations in the idioms in terms of metaphor, metonymy and conventional knowledge. Findings showed that "bread" motivates the formation of the abstract concepts of "INCOME", "GRATITUDE", "SUPPORT", "INTERFERENCE", "TROUBLESOMENESS", "HONOR", "OWE", "MEANNESS", "MISTAKES" and "OPPORTUNISM" in the idioms. The study, also, revealed that the idioms which contain the concrete domain of "bread" are conceptualized by more than one cognitive mechanism, and the formation of the idioms cannot be related to only one mechanism. Hence, it could be concluded that idioms are motivated by multiple cognitive mechanisms.

We address the throughput maximization problem for downlink transmission in DF-relay-assisted cognitive radio networks (CRNs) based on simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) capability. In this envisioned network, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) relay and secondary user (SU) equipment are designed to handle both radio frequency (RF) signal energy harvesting and SWIPT functional tasks. Additionally, the cognitive base station (CBS) communicates with the SU only via the MIMO relay. Based on the considered network model, several combined constraints of the main problem complicate the solution. Therefore, in this paper, we apply heuristic guidelines within the convex optimization framework to handle this complexity. First, consider the problem of maximizing throughput on both sides of the relay separately. Second, each side progresses to solve the complex problem optimally by adopting strategies for solving sub-problems. Finally, these optimal solutions are synthesized by proposing a heuristic iterative power allocation algorithm that satisfies the combinatorial constraints with short convergence times. The performance of the optimal proposed algorithm (OPA) is evaluated against benchmark algorithms via numerical results on optimality, convergence time, constraints’ compliance, and imperfect channel state information (CSI) on the CBS-PU link.

This study examines the formation of specialized terminology in the conceptual domain of the food industry and cooking, with the aim of investigating the morphological-semantic factors influencing the construction of specialized terms in this field. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, and its corpus consists of 60 selected words formed using the pseudo-affixes "-zan" and "-kar," all of which pertain to specialized vocabulary in the food industry and cooking. These samples were collected from the Dehkhoda, Moein, Amid, and Sokhan dictionaries. The theoretical framework of this research is based on the cognitive morphology theory proposed by Hamawand (2011), including its mechanisms such as categorization theory, conceptualization theory, and domain theory, which serve as effective tools for morphological-semantic analysis of words and for examining the morphological-semantic relationships between their constituent elements. Utilizing this framework, the authors specifically seek to address the following research questions: First, how do the pseudo-affixes "-zan" and "-kar" acquire new meanings in the formation of neologisms within the conceptual domain of food, and how do they represent different aspects of this domain? Second, based on categorization theory, to which category do the words formed with the pseudo-affixes "-zan" and "-kar" in the conceptual domain of food belong?

As a cognitive process, metaphor objectifies mental concepts in such a tangible form that the study of human mental structure would be possible. The goal of this research is to study the conceptual domain of “hunting” and its negative representation in love “dating and marriage” based on the conceptual metaphor theory and cultural linguistics (Palmer, 1996; Sharifian, 2013). With a reference to the Persian corpus and Persian proverbs we studied the metaphor “marriage is hunting” and its negative representation. Three micro metaphors obtained were “marriage is hunting,” “marriage is theft,” and “marriage is captivity,” which through linguistic metaphoric expressions such as hunting, snapping, enthralling, grabbing, snatching, ensnaring, catching, trapping, capturing, enslaving, and harnessing all bearing a negative emotional connation both in the case of man or the woman. The research findings showed that we witness a negative metaphorical representation of hunting in “marriage”. Sometimes a woman is a valuable catch and the prey for a male hunter but she sometimes takes the role of a hunter and the man is the prey. The results showed that factors such as gender, commitment to cohabitation and the suitability of couples in terms of appearance, economy, age, celibacy and ethical orientation affect metaphorical representations. Introduction Metaphor is a cognitive process that represents abstract concepts in tangible form, enabling the study of human mental structures. Recently, there has been growing interest among scholars in exploring the ideological dimensions of metaphor. Gender and ideology are particularly relevant when examining conceptual areas like love and marriage. Cognitive linguistics has extensively studied the target domains of love and marriage, identifying numerous source domains used to conceptualize them. However, the source domain of hunting still requires further exploration from a gender perspective. This study aims to examine the conceptual metaphors of love, seduction, and hunting, focusing on gender and culture. Our research findings reveal a negative metaphorical representation of hunting in the context of dating and marriage. Sometimes, women are portrayed as valuable prey for male hunters, while in other instances, the roles are reversed. In this article, we address the following questions: 1) What are the micro-metaphors of the macro-metaphor "marriage is hunting" in the domain of love? 2) Which micro-metaphor has the highest frequency, and what accounts for its prevalence? 3) What factors contribute to the negative metaphorical representation of the macro-metaphor "marriage is hunting" in the context of dating and marriage? Our research is grounded in conceptual metaphor theory and cultural linguistics (Palmer, 1996; Sharifian, 2013) and relies on the Persian corpus and Persian proverbs to study the metaphor "marriage is hunting" and its negative representation. Methodology and Theoretical Framework This descriptive-analytical study utilizes a corpus of Persian language data extracted from 30 contemporary Persian works. To identify the conceptual metaphor "marriage is hunting," the following methods have been employed: Identification of words related to hunting and love, with a focus on the concept of "dating and marriage." Manual search of the texts in the corpus. Identification of words in the target domain. Identification of words in the source domain. The aim of this research is to examine the conceptual domain of hunting and its negative representation in the context of love (dating and marriage) by drawing on conceptual metaphor theory and cultural linguistics (Palmer, 1996; Sharifian, 2013). Using the Persian corpus and Persian proverbs, we investigate the metaphor "marriage is hunting" and its negative representation. Cultural linguistics is a branch of linguistics that originates from fields such as anthropological linguistics, complex sciences, cognitive anthropology, cognitive linguistics, cognitive psychology, and distributed cognition (Palmer, 1996; Sharifian, 2013). This field explores the relationship between language, culture, and conceptualization. Cultural conceptualizations emerge through interactions within a cultural group, allowing its members to think collectively and in sync. These conceptualizations develop and evolve over time and across generations (Sharifian, 2013). To comprehend metaphors in a language, one must delve into the culture of the society. Proverbs play a crucial role in language, as they reflect the values and cultural norms of a society. Passed down through generations, they serve as a testament to the values of a nation. Findings In this article, we analyze proverbs to examine the cultural factors that give rise to negative representations within the conceptual metaphor "marriage is hunting." The research findings reveal a negative metaphorical representation of hunting in the context of dating and marriage. In some instances, a woman is portrayed as a valuable catch, with her male partner as the hunter. However, the roles can also be reversed, with the woman becoming the hunter and the man the prey. These representations are complex, but from a cognitive perspective, their significance lies in how they draw upon the source domain of hunting, shaping the thinking and reasoning about love and seduction in the texts under study. Using the Persian corpus and Persian proverbs as a reference point, we investigate the metaphor "marriage is hunting" and its negative representation. Our analysis identifies three micro-metaphors: "marriage is hunting," "marriage is theft," and "marriage is captivity." These metaphors employ linguistic expressions such as hunting, snapping, enthralling, grabbing, snatching, ensnaring, catching, trapping, capturing, enslaving, and harnessing to convey a negative emotional connotation, regardless of whether the subject is a man or a woman. Discussion and Conclusion This research aimed to explore the conceptual metaphor "marriage is hunting" and its negative portrayal in the context of dating and marriage. Our study was based on Lakoff's (1980) conceptual metaphor theory and drew upon cultural linguistics (Palmer, 1996; Sharifian, 2013). Metaphors serve as essential tools for cultural conceptualization. While they significantly aid in understanding life and the world, they also contribute to cultural understanding (Sharifian, 2015: 6). To analyze the negative metaphorical representation of the hunting domain in dating and marriage, we examined the cultural factors that contribute to this portrayal by analyzing Persian proverbs. Proverbs are a significant aspect of language, reflecting the values and cultural norms of society, and they are passed down from one generation to another. Our findings indicated that these metaphors sometimes convey negative connotations toward women and, at other times, toward men, influenced by prevailing social values. This suggests that societal ideology and cultural values impact the metaphorical representation of the concept of hunting in relation to marriage. In Iranian society, three crucial cultural factors influence the positive and negative emotional connotations of metaphorical representations in the hunting domain of dating and marriage. We discovered that gender, commitment to cohabitation, and the compatibility of couples—considering factors such as appearance, financial status, age, celibacy, and ethical orientation—play a significant role in these metaphorical representations.

5E teaching method or structuralism is a theory derived from philosophical social movement of postmodernism in the 20th century. This method, is considered as the major five stages to conduct structuralism pattern consisting of engagement, exploration, explanation, extension, and evaluation. The aim of this research is to determine the difference resulted by 5E teaching method in 6 dimensions of cognitive domain (knowledge, understanding, application, analysis, combination and evaluation) of learning of biology lesson. The technique used in it is qwasiexperimental (independent, two-group (experimental and control) with post-test). The statistical universe of this research consists of all ten th grade boy high school students Khalkhal during 96-1395. In order to gather theoretical bases and the literature of this research, documental technique as well as other related studies were used while questionnaire technique (researcher-made written test) was employed to evaluate hypotheses. Regarding the abnormality of data, the non-parametric test of Mann-Whithney was uses and to analyze and evaluate the hypotheses the spss21-statistical software was employed. The results showed, there is a meaningful difference between the control and experimental groups in this regard, by using 5E method. These results show the role and importance of employing 5E in teaching.